What must standpipe outlets be equipped with to facilitate effective firefighting?

Standpipe outlets must be equipped with properly functioning shut-off valves to facilitate effective firefighting for several reasons. First, shut-off valves enable firefighters to control the flow of water from the standpipe system. This control is crucial, especially in large fires where the ability to manage water pressure and direct water efficiently can mean the difference between extinguishing the fire quickly or allowing it to spread.

Additionally, having operational shut-off valves helps prevent water loss and potential damage to the building, as firefighters can isolate sections of the standpipe system if required. This also ensures that water can be rerouted to areas where it is needed most, maximizing the effectiveness of firefighting efforts.

While other options, such as backup water supplies and automatic sprinklers, are important components of a comprehensive fire protection system, they do not directly relate to the functionality of standpipe outlets in providing immediate and controlled access to water by firefighters. Pressure gauges contribute to monitoring pressure levels but do not provide direct operational benefits during firefighting operations.